Our Connectedness: Shared challenges of belonging

A study published in The Lancet revealed that Māori and ethnic minority youth in New Zealand who are not perceived as European/Pākehā or 'white' face higher rates of racial discrimination from teachers, police, and healthcare providers.  

While being affluent can offer some protection against racism, being perceived as white has a more substantial shielding effect. The research, based on a survey of 7,700 students aged 13 to 17, found that 12 percent of Māori and ethnic minority youth were perceived as white, and these individuals reported less discrimination than those who weren't.  

Māori and Pasifika youth were identified as being particularly targeted. The study also highlights the persistent effects of colonization and inequities based on countries of origin. Migrant youth from high-income countries experience less deprivation than those from lower-income countries, even across multiple generations. 

Study authors Associate Professor Roshini Pereis-John and Associate Professor Rachel Simon-Kumar.

The authors, which includes Associate Professor Roshini Peiris-John and Associate Professor Rachel Simon-Kumar who are co-Directors of Centre for Asian and Ethnic Minority Health Research and Evaluation, stressed the need for urgent action to address these disparities, including educational interventions and diversity training for professionals. They emphasize the importance of unlearning racist behaviours and fostering a fair and inclusive society where all young people have the opportunity to thrive.  

These themes were also echoed by two separate guests I interviewed for the Our Connectedness podcast (Season 2). Both Erica Austin and Dr. Fatima Junaid shared with me their experiences from interactions with youth and ethnic women respectively around belonging.  

Belonging: A Sense of Connection 

Belonging is the psychological state of feeling connected and accepted within a group or environment.  

It involves a sense of identity, security, and purpose derived from social relationships and a shared sense of community. While belonging is a fundamental human need, belonging is often influenced by cultural background, shared experiences, values, and personal identity.  

The concept of belonging is explored across various disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy. Researchers often examine factors such as: social connections (the quality and quantity of relationships with others), group identity (the sense of belonging to a particular social group), cultural identity (the connection to one's cultural heritage and values) and place attachment (the emotional bond with a specific location).  

In the context of this series, I wanted to explore the concept of belonging across Māori and Asian communities.  

Belonging for Māori and New Zealand 

For Māori, belonging is deeply intertwined with the concepts of whanaungatanga (emphasizes the importance of relationships and kinship in fostering belonging), whakapapa (Connects individuals to their ancestors and the natural world, providing a foundation for identity and belonging), and tūrangawaewae (refers to a place where one feels grounded and connected, often associated with ancestral lands).  

These concepts underpin a strong connection to the land, ancestors, and community.  

However, the colonial experience and subsequent social changes have impacted Māori experiences of belonging. Issues of identity, land rights, and cultural preservation have shaped the complexities of belonging for contemporary Māori.  

For New Zealand as a nation, belonging is a multifaceted concept influenced by diverse cultural backgrounds, historical experiences, and evolving societal structures. The nation's identity is shaped by both Māori and European heritage, as well as the contributions of other cultures.  

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on inclusive belonging, recognizing the importance of creating a society where everyone feels valued and connected, regardless of their background. 

The Our Connectedness podcast logo

Belonging for Immigrants in New Zealand 

Research on belonging among immigrants in New Zealand highlights a complex interplay of factors influencing their sense of connection to their new home. Cultural and linguistic barriers: Immigrants often face challenges in adapting to a new language and culture, which can hinder their sense of belonging. Social networks: Strong social connections with both co-ethnic and host-country communities can facilitate a sense of belonging. Employment and economic factors: Secure employment and financial stability contribute positively to immigrants' well-being and sense of belonging. Discrimination and prejudice: Experiences of discrimination can significantly impact immigrants' sense of belonging and psychological well-being. Government policies and support: Supportive government policies and programs can help immigrants integrate and feel a sense of belonging. Time: The length of time spent in New Zealand is often correlated with a stronger sense of belonging. Intergenerational differences: The experiences of first-generation immigrants often differ from those of their children, who may have a stronger sense of bicultural identity. Regional variations: Experiences of belonging can vary depending on the region of settlement, with larger cities often offering more diverse communities. 

Overall, research suggests that while many immigrants successfully integrate into New Zealand society and develop a strong sense of belonging, the process can be challenging and varies greatly among individuals. Cultural competence, inclusive policies, and community support are crucial in fostering a welcoming environment for immigrants. 

Similarities in Belonging Challenges for Māori and Asian Immigrants 

While the historical and cultural contexts of Māori and Asian immigrants in New Zealand are vastly different, there are notable similarities in their challenges in establishing a sense of belonging. Through my interviews, I was able to identify the following shared challenges:  

• Discrimination and Prejudice: Both Māori and Asian communities have experienced forms of discrimination and prejudice, which can significantly impact their sense of belonging. 

• Cultural Differences: Navigating dominant cultural norms and expectations can be challenging for both groups, leading to feelings of isolation or alienation. 

• Land and Identity: For Māori, the relationship to land is central to identity and belonging. While not as explicitly tied to land, many Asian cultures also have deep connections to their ancestral homelands, which can impact their sense of belonging in a new country. 

I want to mention, though, that these are generalisations, and the experiences of individuals within each group vary widely. Additionally, the nature and extent of these challenges have evolved, and there are also significant differences between Māori and Asian communities. But focusing on the similarities in the challenges could help strengthen relationships between Māori and Asian communities.  

Strengthening Māori and South East Asian Relations for Shared Belonging 

The journey towards nurturing shared belonging for Māori and Southeast Asian communities in New Zealand involves acknowledging shared challenges and fostering mutual understanding, respect, and collaboration. These communities can work together to address shared challenges and build a stronger sense of belonging through collaborations to demonstrate the power of unity and the potential for positive change.  

Such opportunities could be created through  

• Cultural exchange programs: Facilitating intercultural dialogue and understanding through shared experiences and events. 

• Collaborative advocacy: Working together to address common issues, such as discrimination and economic inequality. 

• Youth engagement: Empowering young people from both communities to build relationships and create a shared future. 

• Education and awareness: Promoting education and awareness about the histories, cultures, and experiences of both groups. 

• Collaborative research projects: Universities and research institutions have supported research that explores the experiences of both Māori and South East Asian communities. This research has informed policy development and community-based programs. 

• Curriculum development: Educational institutions have incorporated Māori and South East Asian perspectives into curriculum, promoting cultural understanding and appreciation among students. 

• Multiculturalism policies: Government policies that promote cultural diversity and inclusion have created opportunities for collaboration between Māori and South East Asian communities. 

• Funding programs: Government funding for community-led projects has supported initiatives that bring together Māori and South East Asian groups. 

Asia Media Centre